Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Guide abstract

All cells within the body are bathed in a fluid. The composition of this fluid is tightly regulated to contain specific levels of various ions. Disruption in the balance of these ions can lead to cell death and damaging inflammation. However, standard surgical practice fails to consider these ionic imbalances. Current practice is to regularly irrigate the surgical site with saline – 0.9% NaCl (table salt) solution. This is to minimize dehydration of the tissue and improve visibility, however, saline is a very poor approximation of the extra-cellular fluid. Our preliminary data show that the use of saline is likely exacerbating tissue damage, causing inflammation, and may be directly toxic. Changes to the irrigation fluid may result in substantial improvement in patient outcomes following surgery. Therefore, this research project will develop a better irrigation fluid through the following aims.

Aim 1: Establish the damaging and inflammatory nature of saline using cell culture, living brain slices and animal models.

Aim 2: Develop an optimal irrigation fluid through iterative alterations to its composition and evaluating improvement through preclinical models.

Aim 3: Determine an optimal biomarker of saline induce tissue damage and inflammation through the analysis of irrigation fluid collected during clinical neurosurgery.

Guide Introduction

In 1885, Dr. Sydney Ringer sought to understand the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid. Using ex vivo beating frog hearts, he established the concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride ions needed to maintain normal tissue function. Dr. Ringer developed an artificial analogue of this fluid, now referred to as Ringer’s solution. In 1896, Dr Hartog Hamburger sought to quantify what concentration of NaCl dissolved in water prevented the lysis of red blood cells. From this, the composition of saline was established- 0.9%NaCl in water. For unknown reasons, saline became the clinical standard of fluid replacement and tissue irrigation over the more physiologically accurate Ringer’s solution. However, this decision may have been a deadly one. For example, a 2018 study of over 15,000 intensive care patients found that using Ringer’s solution as an intravenous fluid replacement instead of saline lowered patient mortality from 11.1% to 10.3%. There are a range of potential mechanisms that explain saline’s potential toxicity including the induction of damaging inflammation.

Inflammation is a normally beneficial response by the body to tissue damage or infection. However, when inflammation is excessive it can exacerbate tissue damage, therefore, its mitigation is critical during medical procedures, particularly neurosurgery due to the sensitive nature of the brain.

We have found that saline induces rapid cell death and inflammation which was completely prevented through the addition of potassium to the fluid (fig.1).  This form of inflammation has been clinically associated with vascular pathology and febrile seizures, and preclinically associated with worse stroke and traumatic brain injury outcomes5, 6. Therefore, we hypothesise that the use of saline exacerbates neuroinflammation and this results in worse patient outcomes. However, the exact physiological effects of saline have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, to fully understand the negative effects of saline and develop an improved irrigation fluid in the context of neurosurgery we will address the following aims.

Aim 1: Establish the damaging and inflammatory nature of saline using cell culture, living brain slices and animal models.

To gain a deep understanding of the pathophysiological processes occurring during saline exposure we will utilize primary neuronal and microglia cell cultures to investigate the cell death and inflammatory pathways involved using molecular and pharmacological methods established in our laboratories. We will then establish the time course of dysfunction and death of neurons by taking direct neuronal activity recordings in ex vivo living rodent brain slices, tracking dysfunction and death as the irrigation fluid is changed from artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF, a modified Ringer’s solution) to saline. Finally, we will translate this research to an accurate rodent model of surgical tissue damage. During neurosurgical procedures bleeding is minimized through the cauterisation of surface blood vessels. To model this, we will cauterise the distal middle cerebral artery, and irrigate the surrounding area with either saline or aCSF. Following recovery, tissue damage, behavioural changes and inflammation will be measured using established methods in our laboratories.  

Aim 2: Develop an optimal irrigation fluid through iterative alterations to its composition and evaluating improvement through preclinical models.

Figure 2: Calcium increases inflammatory signalling through IL-1α. Microglia incubated with the damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) -ATP with and without calcium (Ca2+).

While aCSF is an obvious choice for an improved irrigation fluid for neurosurgeries, it is likely that it is not the optimal composition. aCSF contains calcium which is essential for the release of the potent inflammatory cytokine IL-1α (fig.2) and for neuronal excitation, both of which may be detrimental under neurosurgical conditions. Additionally, aCSF contains glucose, and glucose levels have been correlated with worse outcomes following brain tissue damage due to exacerbating inflammatory responses and the production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, we will develop irrigation fluids that are modified to minimise potentially harmful processes which are dependent on components of extracellular fluid. For this we will initially screen concentration gradients of potential components using high through-put cell models (neuronal, astrocyte and microglial), establishing optimal concentrations of each irrigation fluid component based on minimising inflammation and cell death. From this, we will generate several new putative irrigation fluids. We will then further screen the top irrigation fluid candidates in ex vivo brains slices to select the single best novel irrigation fluid. We will then compare the novel irrigation fluid with saline and aCSF in the rodent model of neurosurgery described in aim-1, with tissue damage, behavioural changes and inflammation has our end-point measures.

Aim 3: Determine an optimal biomarker of saline induce tissue damage and inflammation through the analysis of irrigation fluid collected during clinical neurosurgery.

Before we can propose changing clinical practice, we must first establish that saline irrigation in surgery leads to inflammation and neuronal death. Furthermore, for this work to be translated to a clinical trial, we must refine methods of analysing clinical samples for markers of saline induced inflammation and cell death.

Dr. Dubey and the neurosurgical team perform aneurysm clipping surgeries weekly. During this procedure, they use saline as an irrigation fluid and collect this saline through a surgical suction apparatus. We have established that inflammation and cell death begin immediately after saline exposure (fig.1). Therefore, this fluid, which is applied intermittently, will contain proteins associated with cell death and inflammation. In collaboration with Dr. Richard Wilson, we will perform proteomic mass spectroscopy. Through this we will be able to establish what proteins are most abundant in the fluid and what biological pathways are being induced by the saline. Additionally, in collaboration with Professor Anna King and Dr. Jessica Collins, we will use Single Molecule Array (SIMOA) technology to probe the irrigation fluid for established and novel markers of neuronal and astrocyte death, and inflammation. SIMOA will allow the detection of a few selected proteins at concentrations several orders of magnitude lower than the proteomic methods.

Collectively this aim will establish a clinical measure of tissue damage from the irrigation fluid which can be used in a future clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of the novel irrigation fluid developed in aim-2.

Order Now

Get expert help for Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry and many more. 24X7 help, plag free solution. Order online now!

Universal Assignment (April 4, 2025) Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Retrieved from https://universalassignment.com/assessment-1-the-journal-of-biological-chemistry/.
"Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry." Universal Assignment - April 4, 2025, https://universalassignment.com/assessment-1-the-journal-of-biological-chemistry/
Universal Assignment September 30, 2022 Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry., viewed April 4, 2025,<https://universalassignment.com/assessment-1-the-journal-of-biological-chemistry/>
Universal Assignment - Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. [Internet]. [Accessed April 4, 2025]. Available from: https://universalassignment.com/assessment-1-the-journal-of-biological-chemistry/
"Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry." Universal Assignment - Accessed April 4, 2025. https://universalassignment.com/assessment-1-the-journal-of-biological-chemistry/
"Assessment 1: The Journal of Biological Chemistry." Universal Assignment [Online]. Available: https://universalassignment.com/assessment-1-the-journal-of-biological-chemistry/. [Accessed: April 4, 2025]

Please note along with our service, we will provide you with the following deliverables:

Please do not hesitate to put forward any queries regarding the service provision.

We look forward to having you on board with us.

Most Frequent Questions & Answers

Universal Assignment Services is the best place to get help in your all kind of assignment help. We have 172+ experts available, who can help you to get HD+ grades. We also provide Free Plag report, Free Revisions,Best Price in the industry guaranteed.

We provide all kinds of assignmednt help, Report writing, Essay Writing, Dissertations, Thesis writing, Research Proposal, Research Report, Home work help, Question Answers help, Case studies, mathematical and Statistical tasks, Website development, Android application, Resume/CV writing, SOP(Statement of Purpose) Writing, Blog/Article, Poster making and so on.

We are available round the clock, 24X7, 365 days. You can appach us to our Whatsapp number +1 (613)778 8542 or email to info@universalassignment.com . We provide Free revision policy, if you need and revisions to be done on the task, we will do the same for you as soon as possible.

We provide services mainly to all major institutes and Universities in Australia, Canada, China, Malaysia, India, South Africa, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

We provide lucrative discounts from 28% to 70% as per the wordcount, Technicality, Deadline and the number of your previous assignments done with us.

After your assignment request our team will check and update you the best suitable service for you alongwith the charges for the task. After confirmation and payment team will start the work and provide the task as per the deadline.

Yes, we will provide Plagirism free task and a free turnitin report along with the task without any extra cost.

No, if the main requirement is same, you don’t have to pay any additional amount. But it there is a additional requirement, then you have to pay the balance amount in order to get the revised solution.

The Fees are as minimum as $10 per page(1 page=250 words) and in case of a big task, we provide huge discounts.

We accept all the major Credit and Debit Cards for the payment. We do accept Paypal also.

Popular Assignments

STM1001: Assignment 3 for Science/Health Stream Students

STM1001: Assignment 3 Science/Health Stream Students Only Academic Integrity Information In submitting your work, you are consenting that it may be copied and transmitted by the University for the detection of plagiarism. If you are unsure of your academic integrity responsibilities, please check the information provided in the Assessment Overview

Read More »

ACCG1000 Accounting for Decision Making Xero Assignment

1ACCG1000Accounting for Decision MakingXero AssignmentInformation packSession 2 2024Due Date: Friday 18th October 2024 at 11.55pm2Xero AssignmentIntroductionThe Xero assignment is designed to provide introductory accounting students with an overview of the Xero Accounting Software by completing a one-month accounting cycle for a fictional business. This is an online assignment worth 20%

Read More »

WRIT1001 Assessment Notification 2

6Final Essay: Rhetorical analysisDue: Friday 18 October 2024 at 23:59 (Sydney time)Length: 1500 words, worth 40% of the overall grade for the unitSubmit: as a Word document or PDF, via Canvas AssignmentMain question:● Present a scholarly essay that analyses the rhetoric used in arguments about thecontentious topic you have been

Read More »

WRIT1000 Assessment Four

Title: Self-ReflectionDue: Friday October 18 by 11:59PM.Length: 500 words (+/- 10%)Weight: 10% of the total gradeFormat: Times New Roman, double-spaced, 12pt. Your project should have the title“WRIT1000 Assessment Four – Self Reflection for xxxxxxx” where “xxxxxxxx” is yourstudent number. Please only submit Word documents (.doc or .docx). Turnitin doesnot recognise

Read More »

Written Assessment – Psychosocial Research Perspectives

Written Assessment – Psychosocial Research Perspectives TRIGGER WARNING: This is a case study of a real person. Katherine Knight was the first woman in Australia to receive a life sentence without parole after she decapitated and cooked her lover. If you think that you will have problems reading about this

Read More »

RES800 Assessment 1 – Research Question and Literature Review

Subject Title Business Research Subject Code RES800 Assessment Title Assessment 1 – Research Question and Literature Review Learning Outcome/s     Utilise critical thinking to analyse managerial problems and formulate relevant research questions and a research design   Apply research theories and methodologies to assist in developing a business research

Read More »

Assessment Task 2 Health advocacy and communication plan

Assessment Task 2 Health advocacy and communication plan Rationale and multimedia plan presentation Submission requirements Due date and time:         Rationale: 8pm AEST Monday 23 September 2024 (Week 11) Multimedia plan presentation: 8pm AEST Monday 30 September 2024 (Study Period) % of final grade:         50% of overall grade Word limit: Time

Read More »

MLI500 Leadership and innovation Assessment 1

Subject Title Leadership and innovation Subject Code MLI500 Assessment Assessment 1: Leadership development plan Individual/Group Individual Length 1500 words Learning Outcomes LO1 Examine the role of leaders in fostering creativity and innovation LO5 Reflect on and take responsibility for their own learning and leadership development processes Submission   Weighting 30%

Read More »

FPC006 Taxation for Financial Planning

Assignment 2 Instructions Assignment marks: 95 | Referencing and presentation: 5 Total marks: 100 Total word limit: 3,000 words Weighting: 40% Download and use the Assignment 2 Answer Template provided in KapLearn to complete your assignment. Your assignment should be loaded into KapLearn by 11.30 pm AEST/AEDT on the wdue

Read More »

TCHR5001 Assessment Brief 1

TCHR5001 Assessment Brief 1 Assessment Details Item Assessment 1: Pitch your pedagogy Type Digital Presentation (Recorded) Due Monday, 16th September 2024, 11:59 pm AEST (start of Week 4) Group type Individual Length 10 minutes (equivalent to 1500 words) Weight 50% Gen AI use Permitted, restrictions apply Aligned ULOS ULO1, ULO2,

Read More »

HSH725 Assessment Task 2

turquoise By changing the Heading 3 above with the following teal, turquoise, orange or pink you can change the colour theme of your CloudFirst CloudDeakin template page. When this page is published the Heading 3 above will be removed, but it will still be here in edit mode if you wish to change the colour theme.

Read More »

Evidence in Health Assessment 2: Evidence Selection

Evidence in Health Assessment 2: Evidence Selection Student name:                                                                    Student ID: Section 1: PICO and search strategy Evidence Question: Insert evidence question from chosen scenario here including all key PICO terms.       PICO Search Terms                                                                                                                                                                                                          Complete the following table.   Subject headings Keywords Synonyms Population  

Read More »

Assessment 1 – Lesson Plan and annotation

ASSESSMENT TASK INFORMATION: XNB390 Assessment 1 – Lesson Plan and annotation This document provides you with information about the requirements for your assessment. Detailed instructions and resources are included for completing the task. The Criterion Reference Assessment (CRA) Marking Matrix that XNB390 markers will use to grade the assessment task

Read More »

XNB390 Task 1 – Professional Lesson Plan

XNB390 Template for Task 1 – Professional Lesson Plan CONTEXT FOR LESSON: SOCIAL JUSTICE CONSIDERATIONS: Equity Diversity Supportive Environment UNIT TITLE:    TERM WEEK DAY TIME 1   5           YEAR/CLASS STUDENT NUMBERS/CONTEXT LOCATION LESSON DURATION         28 Children (chl): 16 boys; 12

Read More »

A2 Critical Review Assignment

YouthSolutions Summary The summary should summarise the key points of the critical review. It should state the aims/purpose of the program and give an overview of the program or strategy you have chosen. This should be 200 words – included in the word count. Critical analysis and evaluation Your critical

Read More »

PUN364 – Workplace activity Assignment

Assessment 1 – DetailsOverviewFor those of you attending the on-campus workshop, you will prepare a report on the simulated simulated inspection below. For those of you who are not attending, you will be required to carry out your own food business inspection under the supervision of a suitably qualified Environmental

Read More »

FPC006 Taxation for Financial Planning

Assignment 1 Instructions Assignment marks: 95 | Referencing and presentation: 5 Total marks: 100 Total word limit: 3,600 words Weighting: 40% Download and use the Assignment 1 Answer Template provided in KapLearn to complete your assignment. Your assignment should be loaded into KapLearn by 11.30 pm AEST/AEDT on the due

Read More »

Mental health Nursing assignment

Due Aug 31 This is based on a Mental health Nursing assignment Used Microsoft word The family genogram is a useful tool for the assessment of individuals, couples, and families.  It can yield significant data and lead to important, new patient understandings and insights as multigenerational patterns take shape and

Read More »

Assessment 2: Research and Policy Review

Length: 2000 words +/- 10% (excluding references)For this assessment, you must choose eight sources (academic readings and policy documents) as the basis of your Research and Policy Review. You must choose your set of sources from the ‘REFERENCES MENU’ on the moodle site, noting the minimum number of sources required

Read More »

HSN702 – Lifespan Nutrition

Assessment Task: 2 Assignment title: Population Nutrition Report and Reflection Assignment task type: Written report, reflection, and short oral presentation Task details The primary focus of this assignment is on population nutrition. Nutritionists play an important role in promoting population health through optimal nutritional intake. You will be asked to

Read More »

Written Assessment 1: Case Study

Billy a 32-year-old male was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a suspected overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. He is obese (weight 160kg, height 172cm) and has a history of depression and chronic back pain for which he takes oxycodone. On admission to the emergency department, Paramedics were maintaining

Read More »

Assessment Task 8 – Plan and prepare to assess competence

Assessment Task 8 – Plan and prepare to assess competence Assessment Task 8 consists of the following sections: Section 1:      Short answer questions Section 2:      Analyse an assessment tool Section 3:      Determine reasonable adjustment and customisation of assessment process Section 4:      Develop an assessment plan Student Instructions To complete this

Read More »

Nutrition Reviews Assignment 2 – Part A and Part B

This assignment provides you with the opportunity to determine an important research question that is crucial to address based on your reading of one of the two systematic reviews below (Part A). You will then develop a research proposal outlining the study design and methodology needed to answer that question

Read More »

NUR332 – TASK 3 – WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT

NUR332 – TASK 3 – WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT for S2 2024. DESCRIPTION (For this Task 3, the word ‘Indigenous Australians’, refers to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples of Australia) NUR332 Task 3 – Written Assignment – Due – WEEK 12 – via CANVAS on Wednesday, Midday (1200hrs) 16/10/2024. The

Read More »

NUR100 Task 3 – Case study

NUR100 Task 3 – Case study To identify a key child health issue and discuss this issue in the Australian context. You will demonstrate understanding of contemporary families in Australia. You will discuss the role of the family and reflect on how the family can influence the overall health outcomes

Read More »

NUR 100 Task 2 Health Promotion Poster

NUR 100 Task 2 Health Promotion Poster The weighting for this assessment is 40%. Task instructions You are not permitted to use generative AI tools in this task. Use of AI in this task constitutes student misconduct and is considered contract cheating. This assessment requires you to develop scholarship and

Read More »

BMS 291 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology CASE STUDY

BMS 291 Pathophysiology and Pharmacology CASE STUDY Assessment No: 1 Weighting: 40% Due date Part A: midnight Friday 2nd August 2024 Due date Part B: midnight Sunday 29th September 2024 General information In this assessment, you will develop your skills for analysing, integrating and presenting information for effective evidence-based communication.

Read More »

Can't Find Your Assignment?

Open chat
1
Free Assistance
Universal Assignment
Hello 👋
How can we help you?